With the addition of Saturn, the James Webb Space Telescope has finally captured all four of our Solar System’s giant worlds.

JWST’s observations of the ringed planet, taken on 25 June 2023, have been cleaned up and processed, giving us a spectacular view of Saturn’s glorious rings, shining golden in the darkness.

By contrast, the disk of Saturn is quite dark in the new image, lacking its characteristic bands of cloud, appearing a relatively featureless dim brown.

This is because of the wavelengths in which JWST sees the Universe – near- and mid-infrared. These wavelengths of light are usually indivisible to the nɑƙeɗ human eye, but they can reveal a lot.

For example, thermal emission – associated with heat – is dominated by infrared wavelengths. When you’re trying to learn about what’s going on inside a planet wrapped in thick, opaque clouds, studying its temperature is a valuable way to go about it.

Some elements and chemical processes emit infrared light, too. So seeing the planets of the Solar System in wavelengths outside the narrow range admitted by our vision can tell us a lot more about what they have going on.

Saturn in near-infrared wavelengths, using a filter that blocks emission from methane in Saturn’s atmosphere. (NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, M. Tiscareno/SETI Institute, M. Hedмan/Uniʋersity of Idaho, M. El Moutaмid/Cornell Uniʋersity, M. Showalter/SETI Institute, L. Fletcher/Uniʋersity of Leicester, H. Haммel/AURA; J. DePasquale/STScI)Saturn

As we saw last week, when we clapped eyes on the raw JWST Saturn images, the observations involved filters that dimmed the light of the planet, while allowing light from the rings and moons to shine brightly. This is so a team led by planetary scientist Leigh Fletcher of the Uniʋersity of Leicester in the UK can study the rings and moons of Saturn in more detail.

They hope to identify new ring structures and, potentially, even new moons orbiting the gas giant. The image above shows three of Saturn’s moons, Dione, Enceladus, and Tethys, to the left of the planet. Although dim, the disk of the planet also reveals information about Saturn’s seasonal changes.

The northern hemisphere is reaching the end of its 7-year summer, but the polar region is dark. An unknown aerosol process could be responsible. Meanwhile, the atmosphere around the edges of the disk appears bright, which could be the result of methane fluorescence, or the glow of trihydrogen, or both. Further analysis could tell us which.

JWST’s image of Jupiter in near-infrared. (NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; Ricardo Hueso/UPV/EHU and Judy Schмidt)Jupiter

Jupiter was the first of the giant planets to get the JWST treatment, with images dropping in August of last year – and boy howdy were they stunning.

The spectacular detail seen in the planet’s turbulent clouds and storms was perhaps not entirely surprising, but we also got treated to some rarely seen features: the permanent auroras that shimmer at Jupiter’s poles, indivisible in optical wavelengths, and Jupiter’s tenuous rings.

We also saw two of the planet’s smaller, lesser-known moons, Amalthea and Adrastea, with fuzzy blobs of distant galaxies in the background.

“This one image sums up the science of our Jupiter system program, which studies the dynamics and chemistry of Jupiter itself, its rings, and its satellite system,” said astronomer Thierry Fouchet of Paris Observatory in France, who co-led the observations.

Neptune in near-infrared, showing its rings for the first time in over 30 years. (NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. DePasquale/STScI, N. Rowe-Gurney/NASA-GSFC)Neptune

Observations of Neptune arrived in the latter half of September 2022. Because Neptune is so very far away, it tends to get a little neglected; you’re probably used to seeing, if anything, the images taken by Voyager 2 when it flew past in 1989. JWST’s observations gave us, for the first time in more than 30 years, a new look at the ice giant’s dainty rings – and the first ever in infrared.

It also revealed seven of Neptune’s 14 known moons, and bright spots in its atmosphere. Most of those are storm activity, but if you look closely, you’ll see a bright band circling the planet’s equator. This had never been seen before and could be, scientists say, a signature of Neptune’s global atmospheric circulation.

Uranus as seen in near-infrared, showing its bright pole, clouds, and rings. (NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. DePasquale/STSci)Uranus

Uranus is also pretty far away, but it’s also a huge weirdo. Although very similar to Neptune, the two planets are slightly different hues, which is something of a mystery, and Uranus is also tipped sideways, which is challenging to explain too.

JWST’s observations, released in April 2023, aren’t solving these conundrums, but they have revealed 11 of the 13 structures of the incredible Uranian ring system, and an unexplained atmospheric brightening over the planet’s polar cap.

JWST has a lot to say about the early Universe; but it’s opening up space science close to home, too. As its first year of operations comes to an end, we can’t help but speculate what new wonders will be to come in the years ahead.